Chemical Structure of Sulpher Dye | Chemical Nature of Sulpher Dyes | Chemistry of Dyeing with Sulpher Dye

Chemical Structure of Sulpher Dye

Sulpher dye contain Sulpher atom in their molecule and is characterized by the thiozine ring.The structure formula is incomplete because the complete composition and the structure of Sulpher dye is not known.

Chemical Nature of Sulpher Dye

 The manufacturing method of Sulpher dye may be shown as below:

Thionation Sulphorization Aromatic Hydro Carbon Containing Hydroxy amino or mitro group = Sulpher Dye

The reaction is carried in a closed vessel in the presence or absence of solvents. For this (Thionation/Sulphorization) purpose Sulpher or Na-Polysulphide is used. The features of the products of thionation are controlled by organic compounds, conditions of reaction (time, temp etc). Condition of separating dyes from reaction mixture etc.

After the reaction is over the dye is precipitated acidification or oxidation or both. Generally Sulpher dye are marketed in the forms of powder, paste or liquid solutions. The dye are amorphous colloidal materials of high molecular weight and variable composition. Their exact chemical composition is not yet published. However, they are complex in structure. Some amorphous present Sulpher dyes are as below:

 

Chemistry of dyeing with Sulpher dye

Sulpher dyes contain sulpher linkages within their molecules. They are insoluble in water but they can be made water soluble in water by treating them with reducing agents. This also makes them substantive towards cellulosic fibers. Na2S acts as reducing agents that break the sulpher linkages and break down the longer molecules into simple components which can penetrate the material surface easily.

                               Dye - S - S – Dye + 2[H] = Dye – SH + SH – Dye
                                   [Water insoluble]                  [Water soluble]

The thiols contain the –SH groups which are readily oxidized in the fiber to the original insoluble sulpher by oxidizing agent and gives a color with very good wet fastness property.

                              Dye – SH + SH – Dye + 2[o] = Dye - S - S – Dye + H2O
                                        [Water soluble]                        [Water insoluble]

Sulpher dyes are negatively ionized. No vander waals force effects on them. Addition of slat improves efficiency of dyeing by increasing physical force.

Dispersing Agent | Functions of Dispersing Agent | Trade Names of Dispersing Agent

Dispersing agent

Dispersing agents are effective under the dyeing conditions and stable to hard water, high temperature and other dye assistants which help to maintain dispersion of dye molecule in the dye bath. The actual dye is farmed as relatively large particles during the last stages of its manufacture and it is form it is unsuitable for application on hydrophobic fibers.

Functions of Dispersing agent

1. It assists in the process of particle size reduction of the dye.
2. It enables the dye to be formed in powder form.
3. It maintains the dispersion in a fine form in the dye bath throughout the dyeing process.
4. It increases the solubility of the disperse dye in water.
5. It affects on the rate of dyeing.

Some commercial/Trade name of the dispersing agents

                    Commercial name            Manufacturer
                         Setamol                           BASF
                          Ekalon                           Sandoz
                         Mispogal                        Hoechst

 

Carrier Dyeing Method of Disperse Dye | Dyeing of Polyester Fabric with Disperse Dye In Carrier Method | Advantages of Carrier Dyeing | Disadvantages of Carrier Dyeing

The extreme crystalline nature of polyester fibers creates problems in obtaining dark shades by conventional dyeing methods even at high temperature. The carriers are found to assist the disperse dyes to enter the polyester polymer, enabling dark shades to be produced. The carriers swell the polyester fibers, increase inter polymer space and let the dye molecules to enter the polymer system easily.

RECIPE:

Dye 

            - For light shade<0.5%
            - For medium shade 0.5-1.5%
            - For deep shade>1.5%

1. Carrier (phenol) : 3gm/lit
2. Acetic acid : 1gm/lit
3. Dispersing agent : 2gm/lit
4. Salt (NH4)2SO4 : 1-2gm/lit
5. pH :4-5.5
6. M:L : 1:10
7. Time : 60 min
8. Temperature : 90°C

PROCEDURE:

1. At first, a paste of dye and dispersing agent is prepared and then water is added to it.
2. Dye bath is kept at 60°C temperature and all the chemicals along with the material are added to it. Then the bath is kept for 15 min without raising the temperature.
3. pH of bath is controlled by acetic acid at 4-5.5.
4. Now temperature of dye bath is raised to 90°C and at that temperature the bath is kept for 60 min.
5. Then temperature is lowered to 60°C and resist and reduction cleaning is done if required. Reduction cleaning is done only to improve the wash fastness.
6. Material is again rinsed well after reduction cleaning and then dried.

Dyeing Curve

Advantage of carrier dyeing

1. In conventional dyeing method, the extremely crystalline polyester fabric cannot be dyed in deep shade. But by using carrier we can get medium to dark shade in boiling temperature.
2. Moderate level dyeing in polyester dyeing
3. Increased rate of dyeing
4. Increased leveling
5. Improves fastness properties of fabric except light fastness

Disadvantage of carrier dyeing

1. More costly
2. Decreased light fastness
3. Carriers are unhygienic and toxic
4. Odor and air pollution problem
5. Some can cause carrier spot

Dyeing Carriers | Some Commercial Name of Dyeing Carriers | Factors Considered For Selecting a Dyeing Carrier | Mechanism of Dyeing Carrier Action

Carrier

Certain hydrocarbons, phenols, amino acids, amides, alcohols, esters, ketons etc accelerate the rate of aqueous medium at temperature up to 1000C. These dyeing auxiliaries improve the dispersing and the physical characteristics of the fiber so that more dye can be transferred from the dye bath to the fiber. They are called carrier.

Some Commercial Name of Carriers

Commercial Name	Manufacturer Chemical	Class
Solvent OP	Franco	O-phenyl phenol
Tumescal D	ICI	Diphenyl
Palanil Carrier A	BASF	Aromatic Ether
Carrier PDC	TCC	Emulsifiable solvents
Dilatin TCR	Sandoz	Chlorinated aromatic compound
Butyl oleate	HAR	Ester

Factor considered for selecting a carrier
While selecting a carrier for use in dyeing polyester fabric the following points should be considered:

1. High carrier efficiency
2. Availability at low cost
3. Little or no effect on light fastness of final dyeing
4. Non-toxicity
5. No degradation or discoloration of the fibers
6. High stability under dyeing condition
7. Uniform absorption by the fiber
8. Ease of removal under dyeing
9. Absence of unpleasant odor
10. Ease of dispersion in the dye bath
11. Compatibility with dyestuffs.
12. Low volatility of the carrier including low volatility in the steam

Mechanism of carrier action:   Carrier action is describes as below-

1. It creates dye film on fiber surface.
2. It increases the solubility of dye bath.
3. Carriers swell the fiber and ultimately cause relaxation.
4. It increases the absorbency power of fiber.
5. It increases the fiber swelling.
6. The absorbed carrier increases the rate of dye uptake by creating liquid co-fiber.
7. Carrier transports the dye to the fiber by dye carrier association in dye bath.
8. Carrier penetrates inside the fiber polymer chain and thereby reduces inter-chain attraction and dye molecules enter the polymer structure.

Definition | Dye History of Disperse Dye | Properties of Disperse Dyes

The term disperse dye have been applied to organic coloring substance which are free from ionizing groups. They are of low water solubility and are suitable for dyeing hydrophobic fibers.

Disperse dyes are the only water insoluble dyes dyeing polyester and acetate fibers. Disperse dye molecules are the smallest dye molecules among all the dyes[citation needed]. A disperse dye molecule is based on an azobenzene (Disperse Red 1) or anthraquinone amine (Disperse Orange 37) molecule with, amine, hydroxyl, etc. groups attached to it.

They tend to be fairly hydrophobic (though this depends on the structure of R and R2) but not as a long hydrocarbon because the -COOC- groups cause some polarity. The polymer chains in a sample of polyester are highly crystalline and quite tightly packed together. The result of this is that polyesters have very little affinity for large ionic dyes- the dyes form satisfactory inter-molecular interactions. Therefore, acid and direct dye classes are useless for this polymer.

Disperse dyes have low solubility in water, but they can interact with the polyester chains by forming dispersed particles. Their main use is the dyeing of polyesters, acetates and polyamides. The general structure of disperse dyes is small, planar and non-ionic, with attached polar functional group like -NO2- and -CN. The shape makes it easier for the dye to slide between the tightly-packed polymer chains, and the polar groups improve the water solubility and affect the color of the dye.

The dye is generally applied under pressure at temperatures of about 1300C. At this temperature, thermal agitation causes the polymer's structure to become looser and less crystalline, opening gaps for the dye molecules to enter. The interactions between dye and polymer are thought to be Van-der-Waals and dipole forces.

History of Disperse dyes

In 1922, Green and Saunders made one type of colored azo compound, in which a solubilizing group (for example- methyl sulphate, -CH2-SO3H) is attached to amino group. In dye bath, they are slowly hydrolyzed and produce azo compound and formaldehyde bi sulphate. This free azo compound was capable of dyeing cellulose acetate fibers. This dye was named “ionamine”. But this ion amine did not give satisfactory result in dyeing.

Later in 1924, Baddiley and Ellis produced sulpho ricinoleic acid (SRA) for dyeing acetate fibres. This SRA was used as dispersing agent. Later it was seen that SRA was capable of dyeing Nylon, polyester, acrylic etc. In 1953 this dye was named as “Disperse Dye”.

Properties of disperse dye

1. Disperse dyes are non-ionic dye
2. They are ready made dyes
3. They are slightly insoluble in water
4. They have substantivity for one more hydrophobic fiber like cellulose acetate, nylon, polyester
5. Carrier and dispersing agents are used for dyeing
6. They have fair to good light fastness with rating about 4-5
7. Wash fastness of disperse dye is moderate to good with rating about 3-4
8. It has smaller molecular size
9. They don’t undergo any chemical change during dyeing

Elements or components of drafting system

Condenser

The purpose of condenser is to control the width of fiber strand, since during drafting, it continuously tends to spread out or moving apart. Spreading fiber masses are more difficult to maintain under control in drafting and they cause unevenness.

Drafting | Speed frame/Roving frame

Speed frame from the final stage in the spinning preparatory sequence of operations. The main objects of a speed frame process is to reduce the sliver bulk to a diameter suitable enough for the ring frame to spin yarn the dia-meter reduction also known as attenuation is carefully done by one or more drafting systems without disturbing the evenness or regularity. The desired degre of fineness capacity of ring fame.

Drafting of Roving Frame:

   1. Convitional or roller drafting system.   Example: 3 over 3
   2. Modern drafting system (Without apron/With apron)

Example:

• Casablanks two zone process system
• Casablanks U-three system
• SKF-Pk 2500 system
• SKF PK-1600 Drafting system
• SKF-Pk 1500 system

Break draft:

The draft between back and middle roller varied from 1.1-1.5 which is known as break draft. The amount of break draft depends upon the following parameters:

1. The twist in the creeled materials
2. The crimp in the fiber
3. The elasticity of the fiber
4. The bulk of creled materials
5. The centre to centre bottom fluted roller setting

Function of break draft:

1. To prepare the processed sliver for final drafting in the front zone.
2. Engage to break the twist in the material to prepare it for final drafting.
3. Helps to acquire higher draft between middle and front roller.

Roller draft: This drafting system is done by the help of only some pairs of roller is called roller draft.

Apron draft: This drafting system, apron is used along with roller. So, this drafting system is called roller draft.

Operating Principle of Draw Frame

• Feeding of Material: Four to eight card or draw frame sliver can (1) are fed to underneath of creel frame. These slivers are then creeled and fed to the drafting arrangement (3) through a feed roller pair (2), which is located above each, can (1) to enable the feeding in a controlled manner.  

• Drafting of Material: The slivers then run through the drafting arrangement (3) where range of draft of 4 to 12 as required is applied. Here straightening, parallelization and attenuation operation take place. 

• Sliver formation: leaving the drafting arrangement a package of fiber called web, lacking significant cohesion between fibers is produced. In this condition the fibers do not form a transportable intermediate product in order to avoid disintegration of the web.The intermediate transportable product sliver is produced condensing the web immediately after leaving the drafting arrangement.

• Delivery of material: This sliver is then guided through a tube (4) via a passage (6) of the tube [coiler] gear into a can (7), in which it must be laid in clean coils with optimal utilization of the space in the can. To enable the can to take up as much material as possible, the sliver is compressed by passing it through calendaring rollers (or discs) or grooved discs (5).

Chittagong Textile Engineering College, Chittagong, Bangladesh

Chittagong Textile Engineering College is one of reputed engineering educational institutes in Bangladesh and operates under the faculty of Science of University of Chittagong . It plays important role in Textile Education in Bangladesh. http://www.dot.gov.bd/tecz

http://www.dot.gov.bd/tecz

http://www.dot.gov.bd/tecz

http://www.dot.gov.bd/tecz

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The Textile Engineering College is situated by the side of the old DT (Dhaka Trunk) Road passing through Zorargonj Bazar. It was established in the year 1911 as a Peri-patetic Weaving School, which was the result of "SHAWDESHI ANDULLON" during the British regime.

It was transferred to the Dewanpur near entry point of Mohuri Project Road in 1960. In 1980 the course of Peri-patetic Weaving School was up-graded to 2-year certificate course in textile technology, which was named as District Textile Institute. In 1994 a 3-year Diploma course was introduced in this institution under-Bangladesh Technical Education Board to meet-up the growing demand of mid level technologists. Duration
of this course was extended to 4-year from 2001.

Considering the high demand of Textile Engineers for the fast growing textile sector, the government has taken necessary steps to introduce 4-year Bachelor of Science in Textile Engineering affiliated to the University of Chittagong, abolishing the Textile Diploma Course from the session 2006-2007.

The college aims to provide textile education to meet the demand for the fast growing textile sector in the region. The Textile Engineering College operates under the administrative control of the Department of Textiles, of the Ministry of Textile & Jute

Chittagong Textile Engineering College is offering 4-years B.Sc. in Textile Engineering under the University of Chittagong with specialization in

1. Yarn Manufacturing Technology
2. Fabric Manufacturing Technology
3. Wet Processing Technology
4. Garments Manufacturing Technology
5. Fashion & Design Technology (Proposed)

COURSES BY YEAR

First Year
The first year syllabus consists of pure science in addition to some basic concept of textile engineering.

1. Physics – 1
2. Physics – 2
3. Chemistry – 1
4. Chemistry – 2
5. Mathematics – 1
6. Mathematics – 2
7. Textile Raw Materials – 1
8. Introduction to textile engineering
9. Polymer Science
10. Engineering Drawing
11. Engineering materials and practices

Second Year
From second year and onwards students acquire wide range of theoretical and practical knowledge in the area of textile engineering which equip then for future employment subject offered in second year are.

1. Yarn manufacturing(Short and long staple)
2. Fabric manufacturing ( Preparatory and weaving)
3. Wet Processing (Pretreatment and Dyeing)
4. Garments manufacturing - 1(Preparatory)
5. Fabric structure and design
6. Textile Raw materials – 2
7. Textile physics – 1
8. Textile testing and quality control – 1
9. Statistics
10. Elements of electrical engineering and electronics
11. Elements of Mechanical engineering and machine design
12. Computer Science

Third Year

1. Yarn manufacturing – 2
2. Fabric manufacturing – 2
3. Wet Processing – 2
4. Garments manufacturing – 2
5. Textile physics – 2
6. Textile testing
7. Quality control – 2
8. Industrial psychology and management
9. Sociology
10. Application of computer in Textile.

Fourth Year
In the fourth or final year students have to choose group of subjects for specialization.

1. Advanced yarn ( Fabric/wet processing/Garments manufacturing)
2. Special Yarn (Fabric/wet processing/garments manufacturing)
3. Utility services and maintenance of textile machinery
4. Textile testing and quality control
5. Production planning and control
6. Industrial economics, Accounting and marketing
7. Project work
8. Industrial attachment
9. Comprehensive Viva

In addition to the above subjects every student of final year has to perform a project work, industrial training for two months and to appear before a comprehensive viva-voce. Academic performance of the students should be evaluated by continuous assessment and annual theoretical & practical examinations.


GENERAL ADMISSION PROCEDURE AND ENTRY REQUIREMENTS

1. Admission to Chittagong Textile Engineering College is highly competitive and needs a high academic attainment at the S.S.C
2. and H.S.C level. Selection of the students for admission is made through admission test of 200 marks and considering GPA of
3. SSC and HSC (Details in Notice board) student get chance to take admission according to merit.

The entry requirements for admission test are as follows:

1. Students must be Bangladeshi by birth.
2. Passed SSC (Science) with GPA 3.50 (without 4th subject) from any
3. discipline.
4. Passed HSC (Science) or equivalent exam of the current academic year obtaining at least GPA 3.5 and on an average at
5. least GP 4.00 but individually not below grade point 3.0 in physics, chemistry and mathematics.

Following rules applicable for the students of O level and A level

1. Must pass in B grade on a average in five subjects.
2. In the A level examination the students must have B grade in mathematics, physics and chemistry.
3. No D Grade will be allowed in any subject.

CAREER PROSPECTS 

The technological knowledge and skills of Textile engineers are highly valued by textile manufacturing companies. The industry realizes that its future depend upon the quality of its technology and managers, because the quality of product and productivity play the vital role for exporting garments. Our graduates play a great role in quality production & management. As a result export in garments sector nowadays reached about 76% of the total export of the country. The majority of textile graduates take up posts in the Textile Manufacturing Industry as Process or Plant Managers, Development Engineers or Technologists. Recent graduates have found employment in the areas of Production Management, Design, Textile Testing & Quality Assurance, New Product Development, Buying House, Commercial Banks, Customs etc. At present there is a huge demand of textile engineers in Bangladesh.


FACILITIES

Workshop and laboratories of the Chittagong Textile Engineering College are equipped with latest machinery and equipments which is comparable to any international standard.


Yarn manufacturing laboratory
This laboratory provides practical knowledge regarding the yarn preparing technology both short staple (cotton) and long staple (Jute). The laboratory facilities includes both conventional and modern machinery with new technology like open-end spinning, air jet spinning etc.

Weaving laboratory
The laboratory has the facility to weave cotton, synthetic and jute fabric including tappet, dobby and jacard loom hand operated loom, ordinary power loom, automatic power loom and modern loom with CAD system. Modern looms include air-jet loom, rapier loom with electronic jacquard, projectile looms.

Knitting laboratory
This laboratory is equipped with both warp and weft knitting machinery. Warp knitting machinery includes both raschel and tricot machine and weft knitting machine include circular (single jersey, interlock, rib, jacquard) and flat knitting machine.

Wet processing laboratory
This laboratory includes machinery of singeing, desizing, mercerizing, dyeing, printing and finishing. Student are able to achieve detail idea about total wet processing technology from this laboratory. This laboratory has the facility of dyeing material as fibre, yarn and fabric form and various style of printing. Also this laboratory has computerized data colour system, Gas Chromato-graphy & Mass Spectrophotometer, light fastness & otherquality control equipments required to ensure dyeing & finishing quality.light fastness & other quality control equipments required to ensure dyeing & finishing quality.

Garments laboratory
Garments laboratory is equipped with all type of cutting, sewing & finishing machinery used in garments industry. This laboratory is also equipped with Lectra CAD-CAM System for computerized marker making & cutting and garments dyeing, washing & embroidery machine.

Testing laboratory
Testing laboratory is one of the richest laboratory in the country and has the testing facility to test fibre, yarn and fabric. Almost all sorts to textile test can be performed here. This laboratory has conventional and modern testing machine including Evenness Testing, Classimat, Single Yarn Strength Tester, Multifunctional Superba Tester, HFT and Electronic Microscope.

Computer laboratory
To build up the students for the new millennium well equipped computer laboratory provides the facility to get practical of 40 students at a time. We have also facilities to use internet for teachers & Students.

Electrical laboratory
This laboratory gives the idea to the students about electronic & electrical technology. This laboratory is also equipped with pneumatic and Electro-pneumatic control system.

Physics laboratory
The physics laboratory is equipped with machinery and equipments suitable for graduate students.

Chemistry laboratory
Chemistry laboratory is suitable for getting practical of 40 students at a time.

Engineering workshop
Engineering workshop is equipped with lathe machine, Universal strength tester, shaping machine, cutting machine, drill machine, welding machine, circular saw and various types of tools for carpentes

Website : http://www.dot.gov.bd/tecz

Article Writer:

Md. Zakaria
Chief Editor, Textile Storage
Find Me on LinkedIn @ Zakaria Masum
Find Me on Facebook @ Zakaria Tex
Email Me @ textilestorage@gmail.com

The Operation Involved in Card Frame

1. Fiber Transfer: In this operation, Cylinder stripe-in the fibers from taker –in. In this region fiber transfer take place.
2. Carding: A process in short staple spinning in which the material is carded i.e. greater degree of opening and higher degree of draft is achieved.
3. Blending: The process of combining two or more different textile material is called as blending.
4. Drafting: The action of reducing the thickness or linear density of the feed material by Attenuating is known as drafting. Drafting is the process of reduction of mass per unit length or increase length per unit mass.
5. Condensation: The action by which thin material converted to dense output material for downstream process is defined as Condensation.
6. Doffing: The action by which produced output material is taken up for downstream process is defined as doffing.
7. Cleaning: The action by which non fiber material is removed is defined as Cleaning.

Features of a modern Card frame

• Improved equalizing and evening performance: It is done by utmost developed sliver mass variation scanning, detection and equalizing technology, improved autolevelling technology and sate of art design. 
• Utilization of higher draft: Higher draft utilization keeping quality index better and bettering the control of short fiber. 
• Auto drafting: In Card Frame, There is auto draft adjusting scope which will enable optimal sliver quality.
• Higher production rate: In view of production cost, higher production rate will reduce the product’s cost. So a modern Card frame should have feature of higher production rate.
• Improved pneumatic suction technology: There is scope of removing dust from fiber by releasing the adhesion of dust to the fiber utilizing fiber to fiber or fiber to metal surface friction characteristics. Pneumatic suction technology is on the center of this concept. Suction over greater area and suction under consistence rate is the requirement of the feature of the Modern Card frame.
• Automation: Automation is utmost necessary in the sense of reducing carrying cost and quality improvement. Continual research afforded innovation of state of art of Automation technology. In the following area application of automation have the scope :

                     - Auto material Transportation.
                     - Automatic Can Changer.
                     - Automatic monitoring system : Production Monitoring, Quality monitoring, 
                        Machine monitoring

• State of the Art Stop motion: Improved Stop Motion with state of art Stop Technology.
• Larger can size.
• Online Quality Control : Auto Quality Fault locating and Correction System
• Stop Locating System :Red-stop without problem, Green-Sliver Break-Roller lapping, Yellow-Fill up of can, No empty can,Locallized fault indicator-Delivery zone, Drafting zone, Creel Zone.
• Use of helical gears and anti friction bearing
• Reduction of gear drive system
• Ease of maintenance programmed

Introduction to Blow room | Importance of Blow room | Objects of Blow room

Blow room consists a number of machines used on succession to open and clean the cotton fiber. Since the tuft size of cotton becomes smaller and smaller, the required intensities of processing necessitates different machine configuration.

Importance of Blow Room

Blow room is the first working zone in Short Staple Spinning. The first and preliminary mechanical load is applied to fiber enormously in this zone. Technology involved in short staple spinning is applied to Blow Room.

Importance of Blow Room can be discussed from the following point of view

1. In view of Processilization
2. In view of Mechanical Stress
3. In view of Economical Sense

Objects of Blow Room

1. Blow Room makes the preparation of the Incoming Bales to be process able for out coming product through Opening and Cleaning.
2. Blow Room is installed to achieve the Uniform Quality of product through Mixing and Blending.
3. To improve post Blow Room Processing performance.
4. To Control the Product’s Production Cost.
5. To Control the Product’s Quality Cost.
6. To Meet the End use requirement

Fiber strength

Strength is very often the dominating characteristics. This can be seen from the fact that nature produces countless fibers, most of which are not usable for textiles because of inadequate strength. The minimum strength for a textile fiber is approximately 6 CN/tex (about 6 km breaking strength).

In relation to cotton, the strength of fiber bundles is measured and stated as Pressly value. The unit is Pressly Index. The following scale of value is used:

Bundle fiber strength—

RANGE	GRADE
≥ 93	Excellent
87 -92	Very Strong
81 – 86	Strong
75 – 80	Weak(Fair)
70 – 74	Medium
≤70	Very Weak

Fiber bundle Strength in gram per tex [gpt] —

 

RANGE	GRADE
≤ 21	Very Weak
22 -24	Weak
25 – 27	Medium
28 – 30	Strong
≥ 30	Very Strong

 
It influences—

1. Spinning limit: If fiber strength increases spinning limit will increase.
2. Yarn evenness: If fiber strength increases, yarn evenness will increase too little extent.
3. Luster: If fiber strength increases, yarn luster will increase.
4. Yarn hairiness: If fiber strength increases, yarn hairiness will decrease.
5. Fineness: Fineness will increase, if fiber strength increases.
6. Productivity: If fiber strength increases, yarn productivity will increase.

Fiber Maturity

The cotton fiber consists of cell wall and human. The maturity index is dependent upon the thickness of this cell wall. Cotton stock without unripe fibers is unimaginable the quantity is the issue. Unripe fibers have neither adequate strength nor adequate longitudinal stiffness.
They therefore load to-

1. Loss of yarn strength
2. Nepiness
3. A high proportion of short fibers
4. Varying dye ability and
5. Processing difficulties mainly at the card.

Maturity Ranges 

RANGE	GRADE
≤ 0.75	Uncommon
0.75 to 0.85	Immature
0.86 to 0.95	Mature
≥ 0.95	Very mature

           

Fiber Fineness

Fineness is one of the three most important fiber characteristics. The fineness determines how many fibers are present in the cross-section of a yarn of given thickness. Additional fibers in the cross-section provide not only additional strength but also a better distribution in the yarn.

It influences-

1. Spinning limit: If fiber fineness increases, spinning limit will decrease.
2. Yarn strength: Yarn strength will decreases, if fiber fineness increases.
3. Yarn evenness: If fiber fineness increases, yarn evenness will increase.
4. Yarn fullness: If fiber fineness increases, yarn fullness will increase.
5. Drape of the fabric product: If drape increases, fiber fineness will increase.
6. Luster: Luster will decrease, if fiber fineness increases.
7. Handle: If fiber fineness increases, handle of the product will increase.
8. Productivity of the process: Productivity of the process will decrease, if fiber fineness increases.

Specification of fineness
As in the case of yarns, fineness is usually specified by the relation of mass to length. Where for synthetic fibers tex is used almost exclusively, the micronaire value is used worldwide for cotton. The fineness scale is as follows:

RANGE	GRADE
≤ 3.0	Very Fine
3.0 - 3.6	Fine
3.7- 4.7	Medium
4.8 - 5.4	Coarse
≥ 5.5	Very Coarse

Uses of Carbon Fiber

Structure of carbon fiber: Carbon filament thread is a bundle of thousand carbon filaments. A single filament is a thin tube with a diameter of 5-8micrometers. The atomic structure of carbon fiber is similar to that of graphite consisting of sheets of carbon atoms arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern. The sheets are interlocked to each other. Intermolecular forces between the sheets are relatively weak Van der Waals force.

Applications/Uses of Carbon fiber: Carbon fiber usually combined with other materials to form a composite as reinforce materials. Carbon fiber are used in several processing techniques, the direct uses are for peoregging, filament winding, weaving, braiding, carbon filament fabric or cloth etc. They are popular for aerospace, civil engineering, military engineering or other competitive sports.

Applications of Carbon Fiber are given as shortly:

1. Aerospace, road and marine transport, sporting goods.
2. Missiles, aircraft brakes, aerospace antenna and support structure, large telescopes, optical benches, waveguides for stable high-frequency (GHz) precision measurement frames.
3. Audio equipment, loudspeakers for Hi-fi equipment, pickup arms, robot arms.
4. Automobile hoods, novel tooling, casings and bases for electronic equipments, EMI and RF shielding, brushes.
5. Medical applications in prostheses, surgery and x-ray equipment, implants, tendon/ligament repair.
6. Textile machinery, genera engineering.
7. Chemical industry; nuclear field; valves, seals, and pump components in process plants.
8. Large generator retaining rings, radiological equipment.

Carbon fiber is sometimes used in conjunction with fiberglass because of their similar manufacturing processes, an example of this would be the Corvette ZO6 where the front end is carbon fiber and the rear is fiberglass. Carbon fiber is however, far stronger and lighter than fiber glass. Carbon fiber can be found in a wide range of performance vehicles including sports cars, super bikes, pedal bikes (where they are used to make frames), powerboats and it is often used in the tuning and customizing industry where attractive woven panels are left unpainted to 'show off' the material.

 

Begumgonj Textile Engineering College, Noakhali, Bangladesh

Begumgonj Textile Engineering College, Noakhali  is one of the famous textile engineering college in Bangladesh and operates under the University of Chittagong. It plays important role in Textile Education in Bangladesh. Its Educational Constitution is under the University of Chittagong, Science Faculty.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

During the British colonial rule from 1911 to 1929, 33 peripatetic weaving schools were established in East Bengal to meet the requirements for a textile technician by offering an artisan-level six-month course. Begumgonj Textile Engineering College, Noakhali is one of them; it was established in 1918. In 1968 it was upgraded to District Weaving School offering a one-year course and in 1981 District Textile Institute offering a two-year certificate course in textile technology. But the certificate course was not acceptable to the industry.

In 1993 a three-year Diploma course was introduced under Bangladesh Technical Education Board (BTEB) which was treated as a milestone for the textile education. The duration of this course was extended to four years in 2001.

To meet the challenge of increasing demand of new sophisticated and latest technology, the government decided to upgrade the institute to B.Sc. In textile engineering, the college was upgraded in 2007 to offer B.Sc. in textile engineering course affiliated by the University of Chittagong.

 

GENERAL ADMISSION PROCEDURE AND ENTER REQUIREMENTS
 

Admission to the Begumgonj Textile Engineering College is competitive and needs a high academic attainment in S.S.C and H.S.C level. Selection of the student for admission is made through admission test of 200 marks. Students get a chance to take admission according to merit.

The entry requirements for admission test are

1. Applicant must be permanent citizen of Bangladesh.
2. Applicant must be from science background having minimum GPA 4.0(without fourth subject) in SSC or equivalent and minimum GPA 4.0 (without fourth subject) in HSC or equivalent exam. Applicant must have average GP 4.5 and individually GP 3.5 in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics at HSC or equivalent level.
3. GEC holder applicant must have average B grade in 5 subjects in O-Level and secure average B-grade in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics in the A-Level but D grade is not accepted.
4. Are not applicable for previous year students
5. Some seats are reserved for the freedom fighter and tribal communities 
   

Specialization

The college offers four-year B.Sc. in Textile Engineering program with specialization in

1. Yarn Manufacturing Technology
2. Fabric Manufacturing Technology
3. Wet Processing Technology
4. Apparel Manufacturing Technology
5. Fashion & Design Technology 

Courses by year

First Year
The first-year syllabus consists of pure science in addition to some basic concepts of Textile Engineering.

1. Physics-1
2. Physics-2
3. Chemistry-1
4. Chemistry-2
5. Mathematics-1
6. Mathematics-2
7. Textile Raw Material-1
8. Polymer Science
9. Language English
10. Business English
11. Engineering Drawing
12. Engineering Material and Practices

Second Year
From second-year and onward, students acquire wide range of theoretical and practical knowledge in the area of Textile Engineering which equip them for future employment.

Subject offered in second year are:

1. Yarn Manufacturing-1
2. Fabric Manufacturing-1
3. Wet Processing-1
4. Garments Manufacturing-1
5. Fabric Structure and Design
6. Textile Raw Material-2
7. Textile Physics-1
8. Textile Testing and Quality Control-1
9. Statistics
10. Elements of Electrical Engineering and Electronics
11. Elements of Mechanical Engineering
12. Computer Science & Engineering

Third Year
Subjects offered in third year:

1. Yarn Manufacturing-2 (Short staple)
2. Yarn Manufacturing-3 (Long staple)
3. Fabric Manufacturing-2 (Weaving)
4. Fabric Manufacturing-3 (Knitting & non-woven)
5. Wet Processing-2 (Dyeing)
6. Wet Processing-3 (Printing & Finishing)
7. Garments Manufacturing-2 (Assembling & Finishing)
8. Garments Manufacturing-3 (Fashion & Design)
9. Textile Physics-2
10. Textile Testing and Quality Control-2
11. Industrial Management

Fourth Year
In the fourth- or final-year students have to choose group of subjects for specialization. Subjects offered in fourth year:

1. Advanced Yarn / Fabric / Wet Processing / Garments Manufacturing/ Physiological Aspect of Clothing
2. Special Yarn / Fabric / Wet Processing / Garments Manufacturing/ Fashion Marketing
3. Utility services and Maintenance of Textile Machinery/ Fashion Illustration & Collection
4. Application of Computer in Textile
5. Textile Testing and Quality Control-3
6. Production Planning and Control
7. Accounting
8. Marketing
9. Project Work
10. Industrial Attachment
11. Comprehensive Viva

Career Prospects

The technological knowledge and skills of Textile engineers are highly valued by textile manufacturing companies. The industry realizes that its future depend upon the quality of its technology and managers, because the quality of product and productivity play the vital role for exporting garments. Our graduates play a great role in quality production & management. As a result export in garments sector nowadays reached about 76% of the total export of the country. The majority of textile graduates take up posts in the Textile Manufacturing Industry as Process or Plant Managers, Development Engineers or Technologists. Recent graduates have found employment in the areas of Production Management, Design, Textile Testing & Quality Assurance, New Product Development, Buying House, Commercial Banks, Customs etc. At present there is a huge demand of textile engineers in Bangladesh.

Facilities

Workshop and laboratories of the Begumgonj Textile Engineering College are equipped with latest machinery and equipments which is comparable to any international standard.

Yarn manufacturing laboratory
This laboratory provides practical knowledge regarding the yarn preparing technology both short staple (cotton) and long staple (Jute). The laboratory facilities includes both conventional and modern machinery with new technology like open-end spinning, air jet spinning etc.

Weaving Laboratory
The laboratory has the facility to weave cotton, synthetic and jute fabric including tappet, dobby and jacard loom hand operated loom, ordinary power loom, automatic power loom and modern loom with CAD system. Modern looms include air-jet loom, rapier loom with electronic jacquard, projectile looms.

Knitting Laboratory
This laboratory is equipped with both warp and weft knitting machinery. Warp knitting machinery includes both raschel and tricot machine and weft knitting machine include circular (single jersey, interlock, rib, jacquard) and flat knitting machine.

Wet processing laboratory
This laboratory includes machinery of singeing, desizing, mercerizing, dyeing, printing and finishing. Student are able to achieve detail idea about total wet processing technology from this laboratory. This laboratory has the facility of dyeing material as fibre, yarn and fabric form and various style of printing. Also this laboratory has computerized data colour system, Gas Chromato-graphy & Mass Spectrophotometer, light fastness & other quality control equipments required to ensure dyeing & finishing quality.light fastness & other quality control equipments required to ensure dyeing & finishing quality. 

Garments Laboratory
Garments laboratory is equipped with all type of cutting, sewing & finishing machinery used in garments industry. This laboratory is also equipped with Lectra CAD-CAM System for computerized marker making & cutting and garments dyeing, washing & embroidery machine.

Testing Laboratory
Testing laboratory is one of the richest laboratory in the country and has the testing facility to test fibre, yarn and fabric. Almost all sorts to textile test can be performed here. This laboratory has conventional and modern testing machine including Evenness Testing, Classimat, Single Yarn Strength Tester, Multifunctional Superba Tester, HFT and Electronic Microscope.

Computer laboratory
To build up the students for the new millennium well equipped computer laboratory provides the facility to get practical of 40 students at a time. We have also facilities to use internet for teachers & Students.

Electrical Laboratory
This laboratory gives the idea to the students about electronic & electrical technology. This laboratory is also equipped with pneumatic and Electro-pneumatic control system.

Physics Laboratory The physics laboratory is equipped with machinery and equipments suitable for graduate students.

Chemistry Laboratory
Chemistry laboratory is suitable for getting practical of 40 students at a time.

Engineering Workshop
Engineering workshop is equipped with lathe machine, Universal strength tester, shaping machine, cutting machine, drill machine, welding machine, circular saw and various types of tools for carpentes.

Website : www.btec.jimdo.com